Your operation

Grazing elevation 7,000 ft
3,000 ft7,000 ft11,000 ft
Current herd mean PAP (mmHg) 54
35 mmHg54 mmHg (typical)85 mmHg
How variable are PAP scores in your herd? iIf you don't know your exact SD, choose the closest description. Entering a precise SD in the advanced section below will make projections more accurate for your specific herd.
Most herds fall here — some high and some low testers but no extreme outliers.

How strict are you on PAP when selecting bulls?

Generations to project

AI sires you're considering

Enter each bull's measured PAP, EPD, or both. If entering an EPD, also enter its accuracy — a low-accuracy EPD is heavily shrunk and carries much less predictive weight in the projection.

Projected herd mean PAP

Results after 5 generations

Cutoffs: ≤49 mmHg (mild), ≤45 mmHg (moderate), ≤40 mmHg (strict) reflect common producer screening thresholds. Elevation adjustments reflect that cattle at higher altitude naturally test higher due to reduced atmospheric oxygen.

Why change is slow: Beef cattle generation intervals average 4–6 years. Cows are typically not selected on PAP, so only the sire half of the genome changes each generation. Realistic per-generation response is 1–3 mmHg under consistent selection.

EPD accuracy: PAP EPD represents expected progeny deviation in mmHg. A positive EPD means progeny average above the genetic base — that bull raises herd PAP. The possible change (from AAA) = 2.267 × (1 − accuracy): at acc = 0.70 that’s ±0.68 mmHg; at acc = 0.30 it’s ±1.59 mmHg. Breed avg PAP EPD = +1.16 mmHg (Angus); top 10% = −1.02; top 1% = −2.77. Projections cap at the biological floor of ~35 mmHg.